Does the First Amendment protect threatening language?

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, America’s Supreme Court wrote in 1937, is “the matrix, the indispensable condition of nearly every other form of freedom”. Very few types of speech fall outside that sanctuary. Only language that is obscene, false or misleading in a commercial context, or that defames or directly incites or provokes violence is unprotected by the wide umbrella of the First Amendment’s free-speech guarantee. The Supreme Court has over decades gradually clarified the boundaries of these categories. But it has never offered a precise account of how to determine when threatening expression crosses the line from protected to proscribable. A large unresolved issue involves intent: Is a statement a “true threat” only if the speaker intends it to be a threat? Or can a statement count as a threat in the eyes of a reasonable listener even if the speaker never intended it that way?